Please Select Search Type
Please Enter Keywords
Search
Please Select Search Type
Please Enter Keywords
Search
English
Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size, Competition Landscape and Supply Chain Research Report 2025

Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size, Competition Landscape and Supply Chain Research Report 2025

Published:2025-04-10
Pages:155
Tables and Figures:170
Report ID:WENKH001119
Report Format:
Delivery:48-72h
Select Type :
Full Report
Competitive Landscape
Select Version :
Single Users License:$ 3700
Buy Now
Request Sample
Custom Reports
Contact Us
Important Clause:
Recently, our company has discovered that some websites have plagiarized, quoted and modified our original report catalog without authorization, and sold reports under our brand, which has seriously infringed our interests. Therefore, our company recommends that you contact the relevant phone number, email address or leave a message to purchase the report to prevent being deceived.
*All report contents displayed on this website are original to WENKH, and our company has the sole copyright. Any modification, reprinting or quoting in any form is prohibited without our prior written permission. Otherwise, our company reserves the right to pursue legal responsibility.
Research Scope
Table of Contents
Tables and Figures
Full Report

Research Summary

Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) is a comprehensive software system and associated practices used in the energy sector to support and optimize the trading of energy commodities, including electricity, natural gas, and crude oil. It encompasses a range of tools and processes for managing energy trading activities, from portfolio and risk management to trade execution and settlement. ETRM systems facilitate the tracking of energy prices, market trends, and the assessment of potential risks associated with energy trading, helping companies make informed decisions, hedge against market fluctuations, and comply with regulatory requirements. ETRM is crucial for energy companies to streamline operations, enhance trading strategies, and ensure efficient risk management in a complex and volatile market environment.

According to WENKH research statistics, the global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) market size will reach 1,790.79 Million USD in 2025 and is projected to reach 2,528.23 Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of 5.05% (2025-2032). Among them, the Asia-Pacific Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) market is undergoing rapid changes, reaching Million USD in 2025, accounting for approximately % of the global market share. It is projected to reach Million USD by 2032.

The North American market demonstrates a high level of maturity, supported by a well-established trading framework, advanced use of energy derivatives, and transparent regulatory structures. Energy Trading and Risk Management systems are deeply integrated into corporate operations, with a growing shift toward data-driven decision support. Real-time risk visibility, cloud-native architecture, and integrated compliance functions have become central competitive features. As customer expectations evolve, factors such as system differentiation, responsiveness, and service depth are increasingly prioritized during procurement decisions.

The Asia-Pacific region is undergoing rapid expansion, characterized by diverse energy mixes and policy-driven transformation. Major economies such as China and India are heavily investing in digital energy infrastructure, and the acceleration of cross-border power exchange is driving demand for advanced trading solutions. Regulatory frameworks vary significantly across markets, creating a need for systems with strong localization capabilities. Modular deployment, multilingual support, and regional regulatory alignment are emerging as key competitive advantages for vendors targeting this region.

Europe remains in active transition due to decarbonization objectives and evolving energy market structures. The strengthening of carbon trading mechanisms has increased reliance on environmental risk modules, with market participants facing growing complexity from price volatility, compliance burdens, and multi-commodity integration. The rise of distributed energy systems and the shifting role of consumers toward prosumers elevate the need for intelligent, predictive, and adaptive platforms. Platforms that support cross-commodity orchestration and flexible configurations are gaining traction.

The global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) market is highly competitive, with key market players including Allegro, Aspect, Triple Point Technology, EnHelix, Fendahl, IGNITE, Hydra Platform, nGenue, Brady Technologies, CommodityPro, Eka, CTRM Cloud, Power Costs, ION Commodities, Enverus, OATI, Enuit, Openlink, Molecule, etc. This report categorizes the competitive landscape of the global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) market into three tiers based on annual revenue, with the top three market players holding approximately  % of the total market share.

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) market, including market size, price trends, market status and future development prospects. It particularly focuses on the market share, product characteristics, pricing, sales revenue, and gross profit margin of major players in the global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) industry. Additionally, this report provides an in-depth analysis of the market status and future development trends of different product segments of Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) and their downstream application fields.

In terms of data, this report includes a comprehensive time-series dataset. The historical data spans from 2020 to 2024, providing a solid foundation for analyzing past market trends. The year 2025 is used as a base year to accurately assess the current market landscape. Forecast data covers the period from 2026 to 2032, utilizing scientific analysis methods and models to offer forward-looking predictions and insights into the market's future development. This provides valuable reference information for industry participants and stakeholders.

The report covers regions and countries including North America, Europe, China, Asia Pacific (excluding China), Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa. It particularly focuses on the sales revenue of Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) in these regions and countries, as well as the market share of key market players in each region. The report provides an in-depth analysis of the regional distribution and future development trends of the Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) market. By considering local policies, this report evaluates the market prospects of Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) in each region and country, aiming to help companies gain a comprehensive understanding of the industry characteristics and development potential in different regions, optimize regional business layout, and develop precise market strategies to achieve global development goals.

This report places a strong emphasis on data quality and reliability, utilizing diverse and extensive data sources to ensure the accuracy and validity of the information presented. Primary data collection involves multiple channels, including in-depth interviews with senior executives, industry experts, supply chain stakeholders, and end consumers. These interviews provide key insights into corporate strategic planning, industry policy interpretation, supply chain dynamics, and end-user experiences. Secondary data sources cover a wide range of authoritative statistics from government agencies, customs databases, industry associations, third-party paid databases, brokerage research reports, academic research findings, corporate annual reports, financial statements, real-time news updates, and relevant information from international organizations. These data sources serve as a solid foundation for verification and analysis.

Companies Covered

Allegro

Aspect

Triple Point Technology

EnHelix

Fendahl

IGNITE

Hydra Platform

nGenue

Brady Technologies

CommodityPro

Eka

CTRM Cloud

Power Costs

ION Commodities

Enverus

OATI

Enuit

Openlink

Molecule

Product Segment

Cloud Based

On-premises

Product Application

SMEs

Large Enterprises


Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Statistical Scope, Product Segmentation Types and Downstream Applications, Overall Market Size, Current Status and Development Prospects

Chapter 2: Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Industry Chain Analysis

Chapter 3: Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Industry Environment Analysis and Porter's Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 4: Analysis of the Competitive Landscape of Major Companies in the Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market (Market Share, Product Revenue Comparison, Tier Division, Corporate Expansion and M&A Trends)

Chapter 5: Analysis of Global Major Companies (Company Profiles, Product Features and Product Segment, Product Revenue, Product Average Price, Gross Profit Margin and Geographical Sales Share)

Chapter 6: Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Segment and Downstream Application Size Analysis and Major Regional Market Size Analysis

Chapter 7: North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Segment, Downstream Application, and Major Countries Market Size Analysis

Chapter 8: Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Segment, Downstream Application, and Major Countries Market Size Analysis

Chapter 9: China Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Segment, Downstream Application, and Major Countries Market Size Analysis

Chapter 10: Asia Pacific (excluding China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Segment, Downstream Application, and Major Countries Market Size Analysis

Chapter 11: Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Segment, Downstream Application, and Major Countries Market Size Analysis

Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Segment, Downstream Application, and Major Countries Market Size Analysis

Chapter 13: Research Conclusion

Chapter 14: Methodology and Data Source


Purpose and Value of the Report

Market Trend Insights: Analyze industry trends, market dynamics, and future growth potential to help companies forecast changes and develop strategic plans.

Competitive Landscape Analysis: Understand key players' revenue segmentation, strategies, market share, and business models to guide competitive decisions.

Investment Decision Support: Provide feasibility analysis through market size, growth rate, demand trends, and potential risks for informed investment decisions.

Target Customer and Demand Analysis: Examine consumer behavior, purchasing preferences, and pain points to optimize products and improve market penetration.

Policy and Regulatory Insights: Interpret relevant industry policies to ensure compliance and mitigate regulatory risks.

Business Model Optimization: Offer data-driven suggestions for enhancing business models and improving profitability.

Table of Contents

1 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Overview

   1.1 Product Definition Introduction

   1.2 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)

   1.3 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Status and Development Prospects

       1.3.1 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Status

       1.3.2 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Industry Development Prospects

   1.4 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Overview by Product Segment

       1.4.1 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast Analysis by Product Segment: 2020 VS 2025 VS 2032

       1.4.2 Cloud Based

       1.4.3 On-premises

   1.5 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Overview by Product Application

       1.5.1 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast Analysis by Product Application: 2020 VS 2025 VS 2032

       1.5.2 SMEs

       1.5.3 Large Enterprises

2 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Industry Supply Chain Analysis

   2.1 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Supply Chain

   2.2 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Midstream Suppliers

   2.3 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Downstream Customers

   2.4 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Sales Channel Analysis

3 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Environment Analysis

   3.1 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Industry Policy Analysis

   3.2 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Emerging Technology Trends in the Industry

   3.3 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Restraining Factors Analysis

   3.4 Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis

       3.4.1 Competitive Rivalry

       3.4.2 Threat of New Entrants

       3.4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers

       3.4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers

       3.4.5 Threat of Substitute Products or Services

4 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Players Competition Landscape

   4.1 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Key Players (2021-2025)

   4.2 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Position by Key Players

   4.3 Global Key Players Headquarter and Key Area Served

   4.4 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Expansion and M&A Dynamic

5 In-depth Analysis of Key Players

   5.1 Allegro

       5.1.1 Allegro Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.1.2 Allegro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.1.3 Allegro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.1.4 Allegro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.1.5 Allegro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.2 Aspect

       5.2.1 Aspect Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.2.2 Aspect Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.2.3 Aspect Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.2.4 Aspect Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.2.5 Aspect Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.3 Triple Point Technology

       5.3.1 Triple Point Technology Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.3.2 Triple Point Technology Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.3.3 Triple Point Technology Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.3.4 Triple Point Technology Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.3.5 Triple Point Technology Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.4 EnHelix

       5.4.1 EnHelix Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.4.2 EnHelix Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.4.3 EnHelix Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.4.4 EnHelix Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.4.5 EnHelix Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.5 Fendahl

       5.5.1 Fendahl Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.5.2 Fendahl Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.5.3 Fendahl Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.5.4 Fendahl Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.5.5 Fendahl Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.6 IGNITE

       5.6.1 IGNITE Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.6.2 IGNITE Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.6.3 IGNITE Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.6.4 IGNITE Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.6.5 IGNITE Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.7 Hydra Platform

       5.7.1 Hydra Platform Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.7.2 Hydra Platform Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.7.3 Hydra Platform Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.7.4 Hydra Platform Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.7.5 Hydra Platform Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.8 nGenue

       5.8.1 nGenue Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.8.2 nGenue Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.8.3 nGenue Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.8.4 nGenue Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.8.5 nGenue Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.9 Brady Technologies

       5.9.1 Brady Technologies Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.9.2 Brady Technologies Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.9.3 Brady Technologies Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.9.4 Brady Technologies Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.9.5 Brady Technologies Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.10 CommodityPro

       5.10.1 CommodityPro Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.10.2 CommodityPro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.10.3 CommodityPro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.10.4 CommodityPro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.10.5 CommodityPro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.11 Eka

       5.11.1 Eka Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.11.2 Eka Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.11.3 Eka Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.11.4 Eka Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.11.5 Eka Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.12 CTRM Cloud

       5.12.1 CTRM Cloud Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.12.2 CTRM Cloud Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.12.3 CTRM Cloud Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.12.4 CTRM Cloud Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.12.5 CTRM Cloud Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.13 Power Costs

       5.13.1 Power Costs Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.13.2 Power Costs Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.13.3 Power Costs Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.13.4 Power Costs Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.13.5 Power Costs Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.14 ION Commodities

       5.14.1 ION Commodities Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.14.2 ION Commodities Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.14.3 ION Commodities Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.14.4 ION Commodities Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.14.5 ION Commodities Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.15 Enverus

       5.15.1 Enverus Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.15.2 Enverus Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.15.3 Enverus Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.15.4 Enverus Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.15.5 Enverus Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.16 OATI

       5.16.1 OATI Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.16.2 OATI Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.16.3 OATI Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.16.4 OATI Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.16.5 OATI Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.17 Enuit

       5.17.1 Enuit Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.17.2 Enuit Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.17.3 Enuit Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.17.4 Enuit Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.17.5 Enuit Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.18 Openlink

       5.18.1 Openlink Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.18.2 Openlink Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.18.3 Openlink Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.18.4 Openlink Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.18.5 Openlink Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

   5.19 Molecule

       5.19.1 Molecule Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

       5.19.2 Molecule Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

       5.19.3 Molecule Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Revenue and Gross Margin Analysis (2021-2025)

       5.19.4 Molecule Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

       5.19.5 Molecule Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

6 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Analysis by Regions, by Product Segment and Application

   6.1 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast by Region: 2020 VS 2025 VS 2032

       6.1.1 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Region (2020-2025)

       6.1.2 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Region (2026-2032)

   6.2 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Segment (2020-2032)

   6.3 Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Application (2020-2032)

7 North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Analysis

   7.1 North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Prospects

       7.1.1 North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Growth Forecast by Countries (2020-2032)

       7.1.2 U.S.

       7.1.3 Canada

   7.2 North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Segment (2020-2032)

   7.3 North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Application (2020-2032)

8 Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Analysis

   8.1 Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Prospects

       8.1.1 Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Growth Forecast by Countries (2020-2032)

       8.1.2 Germany

       8.1.3 France

       8.1.4 United Kingdom

       8.1.5 Italy

       8.1.6 Spain

       8.1.7 Benelux

   8.2 Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Segment (2020-2032)

   8.3 Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Application (2020-2032)

9 China Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Analysis

   9.1 China Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Prospects

   9.2 China Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Segment (2020-2032)

   9.3 China Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Application (2020-2032)

10 Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Analysis

   10.1 Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Prospects

       10.1.1 Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue and Growth Forecast by Countries (2020-2032)

       10.1.2 Japan

       10.1.3 South Korea

       10.1.4 India

       10.1.5 Southeast Asia

       10.1.6 Australia

   10.2 Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Segment (2020-2032)

   10.3 Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Application (2020-2032)

11 Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Analysis

   11.1 Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Prospects

       11.1.1 Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue and Growth Forecast by Countries (2020-2032)

       11.1.2 Mexico

       11.1.3 Brazil

   11.2 Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Segment (2020-2032)

   11.3 Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Application (2020-2032)

12 Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Analysis

   12.1 Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Prospects

       12.1.1 Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue and Growth Forecast by Countries (2020-2032)

       12.1.2 Saudi Arabia

       12.1.3 South Africa

   12.2 Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Segment (2020-2032)

   12.3 Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size by Product Application (2020-2032)

13 Research Conclusion

14 Appendix

   14.1 Methodology/Research Approach

   14.2 Research Landscape

   14.3 Research Benchmark and Hypothesis

   14.4 Data Source

       14.4.1 Primary Sources

       14.4.2 Secondary Sources

   14.5 Data Cross Validation

   14.6 Disclaimer

image.png

Table 1:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast Analysis by Product Segment (2020 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Million USD)

Table 2:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast Analysis by Product Application (2020 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Million USD)

Table 3:Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Downstream Customers List

Table 4:Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Distributors/Dealers List

Table 5:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Key Players (2021-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 6:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Position by Key Players

Table 7:Global Key Players Headquarter and Key Area Served

Table 8:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Expansion and M&A Dynamic

Table 9:Allegro Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 10:Allegro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 11:Allegro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 12:Allegro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 13:Allegro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 14:Aspect Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 15:Aspect Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 16:Aspect Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 17:Aspect Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 18:Aspect Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 19:Triple Point Technology Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 20:Triple Point Technology Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 21:Triple Point Technology Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 22:Triple Point Technology Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 23:Triple Point Technology Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 24:EnHelix Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 25:EnHelix Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 26:EnHelix Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 27:EnHelix Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 28:EnHelix Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 29:Fendahl Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 30:Fendahl Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 31:Fendahl Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 32:Fendahl Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 33:Fendahl Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 34:IGNITE Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 35:IGNITE Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 36:IGNITE Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 37:IGNITE Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 38:IGNITE Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 39:Hydra Platform Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 40:Hydra Platform Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 41:Hydra Platform Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 42:Hydra Platform Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 43:Hydra Platform Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 44:nGenue Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 45:nGenue Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 46:nGenue Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 47:nGenue Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 48:nGenue Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 49:Brady Technologies Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 50:Brady Technologies Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 51:Brady Technologies Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 52:Brady Technologies Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 53:Brady Technologies Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 54:CommodityPro Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 55:CommodityPro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 56:CommodityPro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 57:CommodityPro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 58:CommodityPro Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 59:Eka Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 60:Eka Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 61:Eka Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 62:Eka Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 63:Eka Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 64:CTRM Cloud Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 65:CTRM Cloud Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 66:CTRM Cloud Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 67:CTRM Cloud Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 68:CTRM Cloud Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 69:Power Costs Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 70:Power Costs Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 71:Power Costs Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 72:Power Costs Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 73:Power Costs Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 74:ION Commodities Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 75:ION Commodities Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 76:ION Commodities Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 77:ION Commodities Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 78:ION Commodities Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 79:Enverus Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 80:Enverus Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 81:Enverus Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 82:Enverus Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 83:Enverus Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 84:OATI Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 85:OATI Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 86:OATI Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 87:OATI Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 88:OATI Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 89:Enuit Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 90:Enuit Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 91:Enuit Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 92:Enuit Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 93:Enuit Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 94:Openlink Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 95:Openlink Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 96:Openlink Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 97:Openlink Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 98:Openlink Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 99:Molecule Basic Information (Total Revenue, Employees, Main Business, Service Area and Contact Information)

Table 100:Molecule Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Features

Table 101:Molecule Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue (Million USD) and Gross Margin (2021-2025)

Table 102:Molecule Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Product Segment

Table 103:Molecule Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue by Region

Table 104:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast by Region (2020 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Million USD)

Table 105:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 106:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Share by Region (2020-2025)

Table 107:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Region (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 108:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)

Table 109:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Segment (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 110:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Segment (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 111:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Application (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 112:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Application (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 113:North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Countries (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 114:North AmericaEnergy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Countries (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 115:North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Segment (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 116:North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Segment (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 117:North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Application (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 118:North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Application (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 119:Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Countries (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 120:Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Countries (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 121:Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Segment (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 122:Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Segment (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 123:Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Application (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 124:Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Application (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 125:China Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Segment (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 126:China Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Segment (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 127:China Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Application (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 128:China Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Application (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 129:Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Countries (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 130:Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Countries (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 131:Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Segment (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 132:Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Segment (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 133:Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Application (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 134:Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Application (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 135:Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Countries (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 136:Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Countries (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 137:Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Segment (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 138:Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Segment (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 139:Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Application (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 140:Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Application (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 141:Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Countries (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 142:Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Countries (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 143:Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Segment (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 144:Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Segment (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 145:Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue by Product Application (2020-2025) & (Million USD)

Table 146:Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue Forecast by Product Application (2026-2032) & (Million USD)

Table 147:Secondary Sources


image.png

Figure 1:Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Scope

Figure 2:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast Analysis (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 3:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Segment Market Share (2025 & 2032)

Figure 4:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Product Application Market Share (2025 & 2032)

Figure 5:Cloud Based Product Scope

Figure 6:On-premises Product Scope

Figure 7:SMEs Product Scope

Figure 8:Large Enterprises Product Scope

Figure 9:Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Industrial Chain Framework

Figure 10:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market by Geographic Segmentation in 2025

Figure 11:Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Share by Region (2020 VS 2025)

Figure 12:North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast (2024 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 13:North America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue Market Share by Countries (2025 VS 2032)

Figure 14:U.S. Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 15:Canada Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 16:Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast (2024 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 17:Europe Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue Market Share by Countries (2025 VS 2032)

Figure 18:Germany Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 19:France Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 20:United Kingdom Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 21:Italy Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 22:Spain Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 23:Benelux Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 24:China Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast (2024 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 25:Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast (2024 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 26:Asia Pacific (excl. China) Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue Market Share by Countries (2025 VS 2032)

Figure 27:Japan Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 28:South Korea Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 29:India Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 30:Southeast Asia Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 31:Australia Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 32:Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast (2024 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 33:Latin America Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue Market Share by Countries (2025 VS 2032)

Figure 34:Mexico Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 35:Brazil Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 36:Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Size and Growth Forecast (2024 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 37:Middle East and Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue Market Share by Countries (2025 VS 2032)

Figure 38:Saudi Arabia Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 39:South Africa Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Market Revenue and Forecast (2020-2032) & (Million USD)

Figure 40:Research Methodology

Figure 41:Primary Sources

Figure 42:Data Cross Validation

Global Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM) Revenue and Market Share by Key Players

Revenue (US$ Million)20202021202220232024
AllegroXXXXXXXXXX
AspectXXXXXXXXXX
Triple Point TechnologyXXXXXXXXXX
EnHelixXXXXXXXXXX
FendahlXXXXXXXXXX
IGNITEXXXXXXXXXX
Hydra PlatformXXXXXXXXXX
nGenueXXXXXXXXXX
Brady TechnologiesXXXXXXXXXX
CommodityProXXXXXXXXXX
EkaXXXXXXXXXX
CTRM CloudXXXXXXXXXX
Power CostsXXXXXXXXXX
ION CommoditiesXXXXXXXXXX
EnverusXXXXXXXXXX
OATIXXXXXXXXXX
EnuitXXXXXXXXXX
OpenlinkXXXXXXXXXX
MoleculeXXXXXXXXXX
Other CompaniesXXXXXXXXXX
TotalXXXXXXXXXX


image.png

How to Order
Contact
Fill in your contact information, and the company will quickly match the specialist to get in touch with you
You can also directly call our customer service hotline or add customer service WeChat
Samples
One on one business specialist will send the complete version of the sample
If you need to customize the report, professional analysts will be arranged to communicate with you one-on-one and provide you with customized samples
Payment
Both parties sign a report purchase contract
Support Paypal, Visa, UnionPay and MasterCard Payment
Delivery
PDF report (sent online 2-3 working days after payment)
WORD version report (sent online 2-3 working days after payment)
Paper version report (sent via EMS or DHL within 3-5 working days after payment)
After-Sales
Within six months of purchasing the report, if you have any questions about the details of our report, you can contact the report analyst at any time. The analyst will continue to follow up and solve your problem until you are satisfied
No Relevant Report Found? Please Contact Us
Custom Reports
WENKH is a global leading consulting brand for industry segments. We provide segmented market research reports, custom research, white papers and feasibility reports for all industries, focusing on market status and forecasts, competition analysis, market prospects analysis and market positioning. WENKH uses professional data and deep insights to help companies make decisions and promote win-win cooperation.
Contact Us
Ocean Tower, No.145, Hong Kong Road, Wuhan City, Hube Province, China
Copyright © WENKH.com All rights reserved.